Indeed this is a polar-explosion (1 gamma to one side and the other to opposite side). Speed it up enormously 3. 1 kg of antimatter = 53 megaton yield, 4000 kg antimatter = 212 billion ton TNT, $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. So ever since I read a book (Angels and Demons by Dan Brown?) How much antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans, eradicate all animals and blow up the Earth? Worldbuilding Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for writers/artists using science, geography and culture to construct imaginary worlds and settings. "So this is by far the most energetic process that you can think of.". They dont allow anything to shake their commitment to the Big Bang story, even the conclusion that our universe shouldnt exist if the Big Bang were true! Unconventional Rocket Drives - Antimatter Propulsion Antimatter: how the world's most expensive and explosive - ABC The team can create thousands of antihydrogen atoms in only a second but the trap barely catches any. All of the antiprotons created at Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator add up to only 15 nanograms. Antimatter - Wikipedia The worlds most powerful nuke ever created was the Tsar Bomba. Here they create and capture this bizarre anti-stuff. Why do you say "pure gamma"? So 1 mg 18F-FDG will produce about ~10^15 times as much annihilation energy as a single anti-proton (these are just rough estimates to get a feel for the magnitudes involved). The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of explosions. Many people have proposed that we disarm all nuclear weapons to make the world safer. The total solar irradiance energy received by Earth in the upper atmosphere per hour. Strange Frontiers, episode 2:The factory where one of the most expensive and elusive materials is made. What can I do with 100 grams of antimatter? - Quora ", "Beirut Explosion: What Happened in Lebanon and Everything Else You Need to Know", "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media", "Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects", "Kinetic Energy of Tornadoes in the United States", "Frequently Asked Questions Electricity", "Country Comparison:: Electricity consumption", "NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release? Did you get it? The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. However that would require a lot more than 10kg. You can crash 10km sized asteroids into it, and there'll still be some survivors to whine about the injustice of it all. A much smaller amount embedded near the heart could of course kill you but the grenade-sized amount insures fairly well you won't survive--particularly if it is applied all at once directly to the body. 10 grams of antimatter will annihilate 10 g matter, which just produces 429.6 kT. Why 1.810 14 joules? If antimatter makes contact with air it will cause an explosion. This equivalency is most famously described in Einstein's equation: e (energy) = m (the mass of matter) xc (the speed of light) squared. - Georg Patscheider Nov 30, 2018 at 14:03 But because these collisions always produce matter and antimatter in precisely equal amounts, the universe should, if the Big Bang model were correct, have exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter. The OP wanted it all in one bomb, so I told him his bomb must release at least that much energy. Antimatter: Most Expensive Substance on Earth - Science to go Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. This one bullet would be equivalent to 378 grams of TNT, which is more powerful than a modern grenade. This blast radius calculator helps you determine the distance for detonations, after which there would be no fragments. Even on larger time scales, creating enough anti-matter to destroy the earth will still be very difficult without invoking the drop a rock strategy. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? If the null hypothesis is never really true, is there a point to using a statistical test without a priori power analysis? Catch up with The Loop, Jock Zonfrillo remembered as an 'incredible chef' and influential member of Australia's culinary landscape, 'Until we meet in heaven': Maryborough community comes to grips with triple fatality as loved ones remembered, Perfect storm brewing for housing market and it could make buying your own home a pipedream, Reserve Bank tipped to leave interest rates on hold for a second month, ASX to open lower, Clare desperately wanted to stop drinking but she couldn't make it stick. In order to store antimatter it has to be kept in a sealed container and held up with magnets so that it floats. So far, so good. Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? "Antimatter appears every single time matter appears," Professor Doser says. Bananas are made out of potassium-40 which produces positrons as it decays. Would it be imperceptible? Explosive Yield of a Photon Torpedo. - ST-v-SW.Net "Bananas are a perfect unit for antimatter production. A positron powered spaceship would be simpler, and less dangerous than say a nuclear powered spaceship which comes with a lot more complications. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? nuclear physics - Would a matter-antimatter explosion cause fallout With about 100,000 ships out there, that's a lot of survivors. It's also likely the most explosive substance on the planet. Or a kilogram? ", "Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ - Post-Impact", "Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact", "Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact", "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact", "That Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Instantly Acidified Our World's Oceans, Too", "Climatic Effect of Impacts on the Ocean", "Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun", "Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury", "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy", "Light curves of type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms", "Big Bang Energy (Ask an Astrophysicist)", "Storage requirements for security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN)", "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TNT_equivalent&oldid=1150973581. For scenario 1, you'd probably be able to get by with even less just tens of grains per person, targeted at the brain would be enough to cause embolisms. And the final is that it might help us solve a fairly enormous cosmic conundrum: why the material universe exists. i got the conversion completely wrong because i got the energy output in joules, thought i was in megatons of TNT, then converted back to joules which is why i was so far off, Putting grams of antimatter in the atmosphere, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/69440/, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74019/, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. The Tsar Bomba is the worlds most powerful nuclear weapon it was developed by Russia and has the explosive force of all the explosives that went off during world war two times 10. Answer (1 of 6): Let's assume a gram of antihydrogen, which would release about 2 GeV per annihilation. Sorry, but I don't know where you can get the text of this book online. You might still miss a submarine or two, but without space launch capabilities, zero industrial capacity, and an all-male crew, you're set anyway. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). $<< 10^{32}J$ (gravitational binding energy of Earth), We must use an even bigger bomb. MathJax reference. Would a kilogram of antimatter be equal to a 500kg bomb of conventional Heavy Exosives? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. "One 100th of a nanogram [of antimatter]costs as much as one kilogram of gold," he says. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. This is generally ignoring the radiation effect of all the gamma rays, that might change the maths. 2 kg of $E=mc^2 = 1.79 \times 10^{17} J$. The resulting temperatures would be "well beyond the upper limit for life and the surface of the Earth would have been baked free of living microbes." All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. 10 grams of antimatter will annihilate 10 g matter, which just produces 429.6 kT. You'll need a fair bit of antimatter, um, let's see 1 Mt is $4.1\times10^{15} J$ so the Tsar Bomba (in the tested config) at $42MT = 1.72 \times10^{17} J$ You can maybe kill everyone with less antimatter if you settled for giving everyone cancer instead. [10], Such differences can be substantial. Are Neutrons and anti-Neutrons attracted to each other over distance? But this result isnt bizarre at allits simply a confirmation of earlier, but less precise, measurements of the antiprotons magnetic moment. Unfortunately that is rather slow, so a few humans will likely survive in bunkers you don't know about, for quite a long time. Ten things you might not know about antimatter Using the convention that 1 kiloton TNT equivalent = 4.1841012 joules (or one trillion calories of energy), one half gram of antimatter reacting with one half gram of ordinary matter (one gram total) results in 21.5 kilotons-equivalent of energy (the same as the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945). The blast radius is merely an indicative number, and it is still UNSAFE to be anywhere close to the blast radius in a real-world scenario. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Something like this would probably be your optimal (in terms of parsimonious use of anti matter, anyway) approach for #1 and #2. He says an alternative hypothesis is that we're living in a part of the Universe filled with matter but other parts might be full of antimatter. Antimatter is just like normal matter, except that some of its properties are opposite that of normal matter. When groups of people are asked to name the most expensive substance, the variety of answers is hilarious. The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a, The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of, 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Haapai volcanic eruption, total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat, "Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator", "Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator", Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. Would one atom of antimatter be lethal if annihilated inside the brain? Current technology only allows us to store small amounts of antimatter in each Penning trap. First, let's talk about blast waves. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data. Or would it be similar to a Fat Man Bomb? For instance, the antimatter equivalent to the electron is called the positron. Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. The sub-atomic particles of matter have the opposite properties of antimatter. Wonder What's Next? For a spherical blast wave, the change in pressure is: The above equation is known as the modified Friedlander equation, and it is used to calculate the change in pressure over time. Also, once in atmosphere, any attempt to shoot down will only damage the containment system and detonate the antimatter. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8 10 17 J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc 2), or the rough equivalent of 43 megatons of TNT - slightly less than the yield of the 27,000 kg Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. [11], So, one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15kt (6.31013J); but an actual explosion of a 15000ton pile of TNT may yield (for example) 81013J due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.[10]. But, taking the statement as accurate (and the source appears to be of generally high quality to me). radiation - Antimatter bomb - Physics Stack Exchange Now that you know how to calculate blast radius, you can use the calculator to estimate safety distances. The very find dust gets around the problem that a chunk of antimatter in the presence of ordinary matter acts a bit like a chunk of sodium dropped into water. Supposing we had one antimatter bomb, how much antimatter would we need in order to completely blow up the Earth into millions of pieces. The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of, Estimates in 2010 show that the kinetic energy of the. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. rev2023.5.1.43405. It actually produces one about every one hour and fifteen minutes. This is not the first time Big Bang thinking has led to the conclusion that the universe shouldnt exist. rev2023.5.1.43405. Nuclear weapon outputs are usually given in megatons, that being the energy released by one megaton of tnt exploding. An explosive, upon detonation, releases a large amount of energy. Why refined oil is cheaper than cold press oil? AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), abc.net.au/news/antimatter-factory-physics-most-expensive-explosive-substance/101948092, Your information is being handled in accordance with the, Get breaking news alerts directly to your phone with our app, Help keep family & friends informed by sharing this article, Supplied: CERN/Maximilien Brice/Julien MariusOrdan, This man advises his clients that elections, rates and mortgages are invalid, Recreational vaping to be banned, all e-cigarettes to be strictly controlled, Treasurer refuses to confirm reported JobSeeker lift for people over 55, but says targeted support in the budget, Selling the furniture and couch-surfing: Families forced to make 'impossible' decisions amid fears inflation crisis hitting kids, US updates Russian death toll in Ukraine, Twitter glitch logs users out. Converts antimatter to energy in joules. I went to wolframalpha.com, and typed in this. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? Antimatter would do the same. Was Aristarchus the first to propose heliocentrism? By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Space Mechs or Tanks or Planes or Marines - Fighting in space without blowing up each other's starships. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Some of the radiation will doubtless cause fission or transmutation - a nucleus hit by an anti-proton is likely to at least lose a nucleon, and the mesons also happily react with nuclei. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2 the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4 higher for one type of metal and 7 higher for another type of metal. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? [3], The kiloton and megaton of TNT equivalent have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a nuclear weapon. >$10^{15}kg$, it's not exactly rocket science. $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Well, in theory if you mix one gram of matter with one gram of antimatter you should get 1.810 14 joules of energy or about 43 kilotons. Would it be similarly anti-climactic? ", National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, "How much energy does an earthquake release? Often, the responses are droll ones such as love, cocaine, cash money, computer ink, or even sex. The latter's decay chains include neutrinos, which of course, carry energy away harmlessly. Since after the Big Bang there was nothing left but matter and antimatter in equal amounts, they should have annihilated everything. Q3 is very hard to answer you need to completely overwhelm the gravitational pull of earth so only terraforming don't qualify for millions of pieces. Thankfully, outside the realms of science fiction, we won't see antimatter destroying cities anytime soon. A gram of antimatter could produce an explosion the size of a nuclear bomb. The positrons will meet electrons and produce 0.511 MeV gammas, but the protons meeting antiprotons will initially have a quark annihilate . The blast radius becomes a critical parameter in such scenarios. There is no antimatter left in the Universe from the Big Bangthat we're aware of, he says. What if I had a gram? So far, all the antimatter created in all the particle accelerators on Earth wouldn't be enough to boil a cup of water. They did it by creating a magnetic bottle called a Minimum Magnetic Field Trap. A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. There are many hypothetical antimatter weapons, the most well known of which is the antimatter bomb. Divide the energy put out by this annihilation and we get $\Delta K = 14000$. This means that although equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have formed, they weren't quite equal, he adds. Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? Now you can destroy all life on earth using only about 6E4 kg of antimatter, only 60 metric tons of the good stuff. 4. We know from the show that they use Deuterium and Anti-Deuterium, so not a "complex" element compared to say, using Uranium and Anti-Uranium. How does that last equation (rolled back for the time being; see revision history) work out? The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive. On the subatomic level, this energy is manageable, but if one were to combine a gram of antimatter with a gram of matter, the result is an energy release comparable to the atomic explosion at . But it's really not that big of an explosion. Would it level the building? It's exactly the same as matter, except all the electrical charges of its component parts are reversed. I think this is a very conservative answer in that it is very certain to get the job done. [1], The paramount advantage of such a theoretical weapon is that antimatter and matter collisions result in the entire sum of their mass energy equivalent being released as energy, which is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the energy release of the most efficient fusion weapons (100% vs 0.4-1%). But the point is: antimatter is the opposite of matter. The neutrinos will carry away a fraction of the energy but the rest will heat the vicinity into a fireball. Which was the first Sci-Fi story to predict obnoxious "robo calls"? No, the only way to be sure is to be thorough. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The storage rings on the spacecraft will hold the antimatter. The previous answer covered the bases fairly well for options 1 and 3. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. The same process happens in the human body too, so we're all creating anti-electrons. But so far, this mysterious anti-stuff remains elusive. The time of interaction is very short. The positron has the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, rather than negative. The antimatter bomb is something any country rich enough could potentially make but its so expensive no country has put in the effort. 1 gram of antimatter explosion radius - isgho-sup.com And yet, there is very little antimatter in the universeso its been a known problem for many years. Air Force Researching Antimatter Weapons - Slashdot Also your question only speaks about blowing up a planet completely, whereas my questions number 1 and 2 only speak about killing all humans and all animals respectively which is very different (your question very clearly states near the end "I dont just want to destroy all life on the surface, I want to reduce the entire planet to rubble so that very little remains"). And that means no particles would remain to eventually become people, stars, and galaxies. That gives you a nice $1,200 km^2$ blast incineration area. Total solar output in all directions per day. I have no idea what you're talking about. With careful planning, I expect less well less than 1 gram of antimatter would be needed to make this a bad day for the earth. Professor Doser actually thinks matter might be the evil half of this equation, with antimatter being the "good guy". Currently we use fusion not antimatter, however whereas fusion only converts 1% of the fuels mass energy into thrust, antimatter can convert 40%. Can antimatter projectiles work as disintegration weapons? Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. Antimatter annihilation from anti-hydrogen is surprisingly messy: it will not be pure gamma rays. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184 gigajoules, [1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. However for only $600,000 you could fit a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter into a snipers bullet. One news report called the results of this experiment bizarre, illustrating the manner in which Big Bang thinking often taints the coverage of science reporting. Antimatter was successfully stored for the first time in 2010. This one bullet would be equivalent to 378 grams of TNT, which is more powerful than a modern grenade. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The blast radius for the 1 kg bare explosive detonation is 130 m. This answer is obtained by using the range safety equation, based on Hopkinson-Cranz Law: R = 130 W(1/3) = 130 1(1/3) = 130 m The intensity of the blast wave front is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Blast Radius Calculator Taken shamelessly from my previous answer here. A minor scale definition: am I missing something? Multiplying by the mass of the atmosphere $M_{atm}=5.1*10^{18}$ gives us how much energy it takes to heat the atmosphere by 1 degree Kelvin, $C_v*M_{atm}=3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1}$. In other words, antimatter planets, antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies could be a thing. This worksheet is primarily designed to assist mining companies in determining if they should submit form 9-4040-A to the U.S. Geological Survey. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. The damage done to the biosphere here is more due to pressure and heat than radioactivity. The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor) relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). Number 3 just a really big bang deep down. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. For more information, please see our The only reason they dont exist yet is because they just so expensive to make. There is no nuclear bomb that comes close to the power this bomb would have. However small scale antimatter weapons are much more affordable, as I mentioned earlier you can create a bullet with a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter in it for only $600,000. This would cause the entire Earth to explode and break into thousands of pieces. Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. "It would take us 10 billion years to assemble enough anti-stuff to make the bomb Dan Brown talks . The TNT explosion radius becomes: In case of ranges where the public access is denied, the blast radius becomes: Energy from different sources If you really need to do this on the cheap, a 400 km asteroid is really quite a bit of overkill and a 100 km asteroid is probably enough to kill all animal life big enough to be interesting to most people although it may not completely sterilize the earth, and your only need 1 metric ton to target earth. [3], As of 2004[update], the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $60 billion. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. Can we add matter and antimatter to the universe? There are many ways to calculate "TNT equivalence" and the term is often misused because the property in question and basis for the equivalence are not defined. What would happen if we detonated an antimatter bomb on Earth? When it hits the target the capsule breaks and the air/target get hit by the antimatter. The human body also releases antimatter. Get all the latest science stories from across the ABC. The energy output that would be released by a typical, The approximate radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8, The complete conversion of 1kg of matter into pure energy would yield.
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