The population was about 1,400. The whole town was burned. 1836 documents which ended the Texas Revolution. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/harrisburg-tx-harris-county. As such, he styled himself The Napoleon of the West even though he lost Texas because he loved to take naps. The new government believed in statesrights, so they enacted the Constitution of 1824 which gave the mostly Anglo settlers of Texas many freedoms. Houston caught Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and his smaller, advance guard of troops unawares near the San Jacinto river. 3, 1956, pp. General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna agrees that he will not take up arms, nor will he exercise his influence to cause them to be taken up against Texas's people during the present war of Independence. Mexicans said the treaties weren't legal because Brought food and water and kindness to the Texas prisoners. Your email address will not be published. In 1824, Mexico broke free and claimed sovereignty over Texas. New American settlers moved in and used threats and legal maneuvering to take over the land once owned by Tejanos. The squad skirted a stretch of woods near the bayou hoping to kill a few deer when a movement in the prairie grass drew their attention. [13] After two months of trying to repel the Texian forces, Cos raised a white flag on December 9 and signed surrender terms two days later. Enter Santa Anna, who first became president on April 1, 1833. The Siege at the Alamo A delegation was sent to the American government, asking for help. On June 23, 1839, the town was consolidated with Hamilton, on the opposite bank of the bayou, under a trust of Boston investors known as the Harrisburg Town Company. 366367, 208283, Houston, Texian Army HQ Report from San Jacinto, 1836 op cit, Houston, Texian Army HQ Report from San Jacinto, 1836, op cit, "Dunn, Jeff. General Santa Anna of the Mexican Army is known for his campaign The river cut off the Mexican right flank and a thick impassable marsh lay to his rear. [30] The following day, Sam Houston's 42nd birthday, the 59 delegates signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and chose an ad interim government. Steps Toward Independence Flashcards | Quizlet [32] On March 4, Houston's military authority was expanded to include "the land forces of the Texian army both Regular, Volunteer, and Militia. People wondered what the heck he was doing. Harrisburg is a community that is now (originally documented as Harrisburgh, then shortened to Harrisburg in 1892) located within the city of Houston, Texas, United States.. The Independence that has been declared by the Convention may be acknowledged. Houston largely won at San Jacinto due to Santa Annas mistakes; could he pull off another improbable victory? Handbook of Texas Online, Santa Annas forces began arriving at the Alamo on February 23, and the Mexican siege and bombardment lasted until the Mexican attack on March 6, in which all of the Alamos defenders perished (a few noncombatant women, children, and slaves survived and were allowed to leave). The Battle of San Jacinto In the secret treaty, Santa Anna was to attempt to persuade the Mexican legislature to accept Texan independence so the two nations could mend relations. [23] Colonel James Bowie dispatched Green B. Jameson with a letter, translated into Spanish by Juan Segun, requesting a meeting with Santa Anna, who immediately refused. James Burke, Jr., Burke's Texas Almanac and Immigrant's Handbook for 1879 (Houston, 1879; facsimile, Austin: Steck-Warlick, 1969). On April 16, they came to a crossroads; one road led north towards Nacogdoches, the other went to Harrisburgh. Santa Anna had set up camp on the San Jacinto Prairie (now in Harris County) with roughly 700 men. Pleading too fatigued to walk, Miles allowed him to ride his horse for about a mile or more before demanding it back. Upon his arrival, the Mexican press wasted no time in attacking him for his cruelty towards those executed at Goliad. One month later, a similar complement was sent to Del Mar, another auxiliary just north of San Diego. The Treaties of Velasco were two documents, one private and the other public, signed in Fort Velasco on May 14, 1836 between General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. April 18th. These treaties did not necessarily recognize Texas as a sovereign nation but stipulated that Santa Anna was to lobby for such recognition in Mexico City. [3] It began operations on January 1, 1853. They found Santa Anna and howled for his blood, but Houston had a better idea. [78] Eleven Texians died, with 30 others, including Houston, wounded. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. [70] Houston describes how he arrayed the Texian forces in preparation of battle: "Colonel Edward Burleson was assigned the center. General Houston also headed off but not for Louisiana. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 3,768 residents. 4244, 208283, Menchaca, Poche, Matovina, de la Teja (2013), p. 63, Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden), Poyo (1996), p. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), p. 94, 134, Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. 13944, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27784928. Meanwhile the roughly 900 strong Texan army was practically begging for a fight to avenge those killed at the Alamo. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Current one is: June 21. Remember the Alamo! and Remember the Goliad! became the new rallying cry of the rebellion. Very few Mexicans were able to escape the carnage completely. The first skirmish happened on April 20, which the Texans won, but at the cost of giving away their true numbers. Texas intended the agreements to conclude hostilities between the two armies and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of Texas's independence from Mexico. Lamar. Your email address will not be published. 59, no. accessed May 02, 2023, Houston initially mistook the group for Mexican reinforcements and reportedly shouted out that all was lost. what happened when santa anna approached harrisburg After loud protests from Segun and Antonio Menchaca, the order was rescinded, provided the Tejanos wear playing cards in their hats to identify them as Texian soldiers. Starting around four o'clock in the afternoon, General Sam Houston and the Texas Army led a surprise charge and defeated Mexican President and General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and his Army of Operations on April 21, 1836. [14] The surrender of Cos effectively removed the occupying Mexican army from Texas. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Adele B. Looscan, "The Pioneer Harrises of Harris County," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 31 (April 1928). [96][97][98], Most in Texas assumed the Mexican army would return quickly. He voided the Constitution of 1824, abolished state rights, and centralized the government. The Mexican troops will evacuate the Territory of Texas, passing to the other side of the Rio Grande del Norte. Many believed the war was over, and volunteers began returning home. Recognizing me, he addressed me courteously and offered his hand. Santa Anna sent a message to General Vicente Filisola to retreat below the Rio Grande, but his message made it clear that Filisola was in charge. Embittered and impoverished, the once mighty Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dies in Mexico City. By mid-May the Mexican army was starving, sick, and thoroughly demoralized.1. In 1905 the local White school had ninety-two pupils and two teachers, and the local Black school had 123 students and two teachers. In the melee, Rusk, on foot to reload his rifle, was almost captured by Mexican soldiers but was rescued by newly arrived Texian volunteer Mirabeau B. Is Brooke shields related to willow shields? [95], All the Mexican soldiers' bodies lay where they were killed for years or decades after the battle. General Joaqun Ramrez y Sesma was put in command of the Vanguard of the Advance that crossed into Texas. 650 Mexicans died as opposed to 11 Texans. Harrisburg is served by the Stanaker Branch of Houston Public Library. At the beginning of the battle he had disappeared on a horse and was found in the grass dressed as a common. [36] Just after 11 p.m. on March 13, Susanna Dickinson and Joe brought news that the Alamo garrison had been defeated and the Mexican army was marching towards Texian settlements. Finally the Texans decided to stand and fight seeking a decisive engagement. Why Was the Battle of San Jacinto Important? Texans sent Stephen Fuller Austin to Mexico City to plead their case, but he was arrested and imprisoned. The next morning, Mexican reinforcements arrived, swelling their numbers to about 1,200. [9], The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP code 77012. [113] Santa Anna was disgraced until the following year when he became a hero of the Pastry War. ed., Houston: A History, 1981). Harrisburg, Houston - Wikipedia [117][118] The site hosts a San Jacinto Day festival and battle re-enactment each year in April.[119]. Convinced that the rebellion was nearly over, he did not even bother posting guards before getting himself some shut-eye. Who Supported and Opposed the Tariff of 1816. in the loss of Texas territories. As the Texian cavalry fell back, Lamar remained behind to rescue another Texian who had been thrown from his horse; Mexican officers "reportedly applauded" his bravery. How Long did the Battle of San Jacinto Last? what happened when santa anna approached harrisburg [71] The Texian Twin Sisters fired at 4:30, beginning the battle. In 1829, Mexico freed all Texan slaves and criminalized the importation of more. The Capture of Santa Anna - Medium Later released, he returned to Texas and said, War is our only resource.. and Goliad (there were no Texan survivors at these). Now even the Texan moderates and peaceniks wanted blood. Despite the wounds he had received in the assault on my camp, he showed deep concern for me and ordered my cot and tent placed near his own.[3] As many Texans feared, Santa Anna would live to fight again another day. Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 Review. Sylvester then allowed the prisoner to climb up behind him and ride the rest of the way to camp. Please feel free to fill out our Contact Form. [78] He was brought before Houston, who had been shot in the ankle and badly wounded. 5", often referred to as the Tornel Decree, aimed at dealing with United States intervention in the uprising in Texas. A detailed, first-hand account of the battle was written by General Houston from the headquarters of the Texan Army in San Jacinto on April 25, 1836. Out of nearly 1300-1400, the Mexicans suffered ~630 killed, ~208 wounded and 300-500 captured. Santa Anna, Castrilln, and Almonte yelled often conflicting orders, attempting to organize their men into some form of defense. [50] Unable to cross the Brazos because of the small company of Texians barricaded at the river crossing, on April 14 a frustrated Santa Anna led a force of about 700 troops to capture the interim Texas government. In 1926, Harrisburg was annexed into the city of Houston. Freight for San Felipe de Austin went by water to Harrisburg and then moved overland to the Brazos River. His army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other regions. [5] The 1926 annexation of the Harrisburg area added 1,293 acres (523ha) of land to the city limits. An additional 4,000 troops remained under the commands of Urrea and General Vicente Filisola. Andrew Forest Muir, "The Municipality of Harrisburg, 18351836," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 56 (July 1952). After Texas gained its independence at nearby San Jacinto, the town was rebuilt and again thrived. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/harrisburg-tx-harris-county. Site of the 1836 Battle of the Alamo and Shrine to Texas Liberty www.thealamo.org, http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt.htm. What happened to Santa Anna after the battle of San Jacinto? By: Dr. Richard Bruce Winders, Alamo Director of History and Curation. [1], John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen wanted to establish a new town upstream from Galveston Bay. [106], On June 1, 1836, Santa Anna boarded a ship to travel back to Mexico. 82% were Hispanics, 14% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 3% were non-Hispanic whites. Why Was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Important? Interested in reaching out? BLACKFORK: Santa Anna Burns Harrisburg. - Blogger [54] That same day, Deaf Smith and Henry Karnes captured a Mexican courier carrying intelligence on the locations and future plans of all of the Mexican troops in Texas. Although he was clearly a brilliant political opportunist, Santa Anna was ultimately loyal only to himself and he had an insatiable lust for power. The movement quickly stopped at the approach of the Texans horses but it was too late for the person hiding in the grass Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna. Now they had to make it real. Santa Anna in Life and Legend - University of Texas at Austin Many had slaves (which was illegal in Mexico), nor did they understand Spanish laws and customs (nor cared to). By that afternoon Urreas forces had overtaken and surrounded Fannins column in open country. Mexican soldiers were taken by surprise. Texan militia units captured Santa Anna himself a day after the battle disguised in civilian clothes.1, Meanwhile the Texans suffered only 8 killed and another 25 wounded per Houstons official report. The location of Harrisburg, which had been platted by Harris in 1826, was the Allen brothers' first choice. In response, the Mexican government kept him imprisoned for most of 1834. The public treaty recognized Texas and ended the war. Harrisburg was surveyed in 1826 and formally named Harrisburg by its founder, John Richardson Harris. The Battle of Cerro Gordo Chapter 10 Test Review. He Houston was not on the run. Several of his captors left accounts, some of which can be found online at the Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas web site, http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt.htm. Benavides and 4 others escaped, and 6 were taken prisoner. At the battle the Texans were able to score a stunning victory that effectively ended the Mexican threat, a massive achievement leading directly to Texan independence. what happened when santa anna approached harrisburg [17], The area was previously in the Harrisburg Independent School District. Final Quizlet. [55] Out of concern that his men might not differentiate between Mexican soldiers and the Tejanos in Segun's company, Houston originally ordered Segun and his men to remain in Harrisburgh to guard those who were too ill to travel quickly. You must fight them. [9] He delivered promises of self-governance and conveyed regrets that the Mexican Congress deemed it constitutionally impossible for Texas to be a separate state. [87], When Mexican authorities received word of Santa Anna's defeat at San Jacinto, flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning. 88% were Hispanics, 6% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 5% were non-Hispanic whites. The community of Gonzalez apparently needed it for defense against Amerindian raids. William B. Travis, the garrison commander, sent Albert Martin to request a meeting with Almonte, who replied that he did not have the authority to speak for Santa Anna. Andrew F. Muir, [10], In consolidating his power base, Santa Anna installed General Martn Perfecto de Cos as the governing military authority over Texas in 1835. To this end, the Commander of Texas's army will be careful not to approach within a shorter distance of the Mexican army than five leagues. Santa Anna wondered, too, before concluding that Houston would cross the Sabine River to join the Consultation. The Battle of Huamantla His army was a rag-tag group of overly-angry but inexperienced men who needed training. 2) MUIR, ANDREW FOREST. William B. Travis, the garrison commander, sent Albert Martin to request a meeting with Almonte, who replied that he did not have the authority to speak for Santa Anna. Furthermore, the spring season of 1836 was one of the wettest on record which caused severe logistical problems. Many Texian officers, including Houston and Rusk, attempted to stop the slaughter, but they were unable to gain control of the men, incensed and vengeful for the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad, while frightened Mexican infantry yelled "Me no Alamo!" Adaption vocabulary. The following year, Santa Anna made his way to Goliad. Scouts rode across the prairie searching for fugitives but darkness ended their efforts. However, some historians have speculated that Santa Anna was bent on avenging Coss earlier humiliation in San Antonio. Because the Texans The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. Entire units of Mexicans threw down their weapons, fled, or attempted to surrender, many reportedly shouting, Me no Alamo and Me no Goliad to convey they were not at the two massacres.1. Number of Mexican soldiers who came with Santa Anna to San Jacinto. By March 17, as the Mexican army approached, a constitution had been written, approved, and signed; interim officials had been elected; and Sam Houston had been confirmed as the commander of the army. While there, two cannon, known as the Twin Sisters, arrived from Cincinnati, Ohio. Houstons report listed 730 captured, but historians believe that number to be inaccurate. what happened when santa anna approached harrisburghorse heaven hills road conditionshorse heaven hills road conditions [7], Santa Anna was not allowed to return to Veracruz until 1837. One Mexican soldier was the only casualty. [76] In what historian Davis calls "one of the most one-sided victories in history",[77] 650 Mexican soldiers were killed and 300 captured. Fear that Urrea's victories would position him as a political rival convinced Santa Anna to remain in Texas to personally oversee the final phase of the campaign. on a horse and was found in the grass dressed as a common soldier. [102][Note 5] The northern Mexican states, the focus of the Matamoros Expedition, briefly launched an independent Republic of the Rio Grande in 1839. Post author: Post published: June 12, 2022 Post category: amalfi furniture collection Post comments: somerdale nj police chief somerdale nj police chief If he was to keep the army together, the time for battle was now. The Consultation then packed their bags and made for the Louisiana border. New Mexico, Sonora, and California revolted unsuccessfully; their stated goals were a change in government, not independence. [89], When Urrea began marching south in mid-May, many families from San Patricio who had supported the Mexican army went with him. David G. McComb, Houston: The Bayou City (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969; rev. Santa Anna was completely unaware of the nearby presence of Houston's force as he chose his camp on poor terrain. By 1853 Harrisburg had a steam saw and grist mill, several stores, three hotels, and a railroad terminal with shops and yards. Ultimately Santa Ana lost to After the Texas Revolution ended, the city of Houston was founded just west of Harrisburg and was named county seat of Harrisburg (later shortened to Harris) County and capital of the Republic of Texas. From the Life of Santa Anna by Clarence Wharton, 1926. The ragtag group of volunteers under General Sam Houston was the last remaining effective fighting force the Texans could muster. [26][27] Urrea sent a company in search of James Grant and Plcido Benavides who were leading a company of Anglos and Tejanos towards an invasion of Matamoros. Her family buried a few of the corpses but hundreds of them were never located by them. The next morning, the search resumed directed by Colonel Edward Burleson. Santa Anna genuinely thought the Texan rebellion was over following the victory at the Alamo and defeat of the Texans at Goliad weeks later. We strive for accuracy and fairness. [72] After a single volley, Texians broke ranks and swarmed over the Mexican breastworks, yelling "Remember the Alamo! against Texan-American insurgents. Most of the Mexican troops were conscripts and poorly-trained. The country expects you to fight. [30][31] When news of the declaration reached Goliad, Benavides informed Fannin that in spite of his opposition to Santa Anna, he was still loyal to Mexico and did not wish to help Texas break away. 2, 1951, pp. As a teen . He gave chase, missed Houston, but made up for it by burning Harrisburg to the ground. Every penny counts! The territory of the latter not to extend beyond the Rio Bravo del Norte. 21, 1876. That all Texan prisoners now in possession of the Mexican Army or its authorities be forthwith released and furnished with free passports to return to their homes, in consideration of which a corresponding number of Mexican prisoners, rank, and file, now in possession of the Government of Texas shall be immediately released. In the wake of the Alamo debacle, with Mexican forces approaching, Houston and the troops under his command at Gonzales began an organized withdrawal to the northeast, accompanied by fleeing civilians. You must retreat no further. The Anahuac Disturbance and the conventions of 1832 and 1833, Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre, How the Border Between the United States and Mexico Was Established. During that time a new plat was made by Frederick Jacob Rothhaas, the Harrisburg Railroad and Trading Company was chartered, and citizens offered the town to the republic as capital. Copyright 2023 History in Charts | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Meanwhile, a convention of Texans was held at Washington-on-the Brazos, where the future of Texas was debated by 59 delegates. [12], Harrisburg is served by the Houston Independent School District. Mexico could not enforce these penalties, of course. [34] Survivors Susanna Dickinson, her daughter Angelina, Travis' slave Joe, and Almonte's cook Ben were spared by Santa Anna and sent to Gonzales, where Texian volunteers had been assembling. The Texans surprise attack in the late afternoon caught the Mexicans completely unprepared and the battle turned into a slaughter. [6] Lincoln's efforts earned the freshman Whig U.S. Representative the derisive sobriquet "Spotty" Lincoln because of his Spot Resolutions, which demanded to know that the "spot" at which American troops were killed was on American soil, which Polk argued to justify war with Mexico. [24], Cos, in violation of his surrender terms, forded into Texas at Guerrero on February 26 to join with the main army at Bxar. Antonio de Padua Mara Severino Lpez de Santa Anna y Prez de Lebrn (Santa Anna, for short) thought very highly of himself and with a name like that, who can blame him? Everything that could not be carried was burned, and the army's only two cannon were thrown into the Guadalupe River. Thus the army fled east along with a majority of Texas citizens who sought refuge in the United States from the incoming Mexican army. He died in poverty and squalor in Mexico City at the age of 82, no doubt still dreaming of a return to power. Capture site of Santa Anna | East Texas History Desertion was common and the generals were unwilling to mount another offensive. The ethnic, religious, linguistic, and cultural differences between the nation of Mexico and its state of Texas were too enormous. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. By express to be immediately dispatched, this agreement shall be sent to General Filisola and to General T. J. Rusk, commander of the Texian Army, to be apprised of its stipulations to this, and they will exchange engagements to comply with the same. Sailing on the frigate USS Pioneer, the "guest" of the US Navy, he did not arrive in Veracruz until February 23, 1837. Mexico would not fully recognize Texan independence until the important Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 following the Mexican-American War. Santa Annas assumption of dictatorial power over Mexico brought him into direct conflict with a growing movement for independence in the Mexican state of Texas. Houston knew this army did not stand a chance against the ~5,000-6,000 Mexican soldiers under Santa Anna that just wiped out the Alamo defenders. In the secret treaty Santa Anna pledged that upon his return to Mexico he would do everything he could to see that the Mexican government adhered to the public treaty. "The Mexican Soldier Skulls of San Jacinto Battleground". [93] Denouncing any agreements signed by a prisoner, Mexican authorities refused to recognize the Republic of Texas. The Friends of the San Jacinto Battleground. Houston Metropolitan Research Center Files, Houston Public Library. The Battle of San Jacinto On the afternoon of April 21, Houstons force of about 900 men surprised and overwhelmed Santa Annas resting army of some 1,200 to 1,300. [88] Santa Anna suggested two treaties, a public version of promises made between the two countries, and a private version that included Santa Anna's agreements. He then set up camp in a thickly wooded area to hide his numbers. Having crossed the Rio Grande in the first days of 1836, he advanced on San Antonio, which seemed a less likely military objective than Goliad, where the great preponderance of the Texas forces were deployed. [19] Santa Anna and his aide-de-camp Almonte[20] forded the Rio Grande at Guerrero, Coahuila on February 16, 1836,[21] with General Jos de Urrea and 500 more troops following the next day at Matamoros. [38], Most citizens fled on foot, many carrying their small children. 19497, https://doi.org/10.2307/41168639. This subterfuge was uncovered when other Mexican prisoners cried out in recognition of their commander. They arrived on April 18, not long after the Mexican army's departure. [110] Houston issued an executive order sending Santa Anna to Washington, D.C., and from there he was soon sent home. A small sawmill cut local timber, and ships plied between Harrisburg and ports in the United States and Mexico. Andrew Forest Muir, "Railroad Enterprise in Texas, 18361841," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 47 (April 1944). [94][101] Over the next several years, hundreds of Tejano families resettled in Mexico. All hostilities between the Mexican and Texan troops will cease immediately both on land and water. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [65], Throughout the night, Mexican troops worked to fortify their camp, creating breastworks out of everything they could find, including saddles and brush. Did Billy Graham speak to Marilyn Monroe about Jesus? Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, General in Chief of the Army of Operations and President of the Republic of Mexico, before the Government established in Texas, solemnly pledges himself to fulfill the stipulations contained in the following Articles, so far as concerns himself. Mexico ultimately refused to recognize Texan independence and claimed the Treaties of Velasco to be null and void. Both the Texas Navy and the United States Navy have commissioned ships named after the Battle of San Jacinto: the Texan schoonerSan Jacinto and three ships named USSSan Jacinto. Late on the afternoon of April 21, the Texans commanded the field and had either killed or captured nearly all of the troops with Santa Anna, but the general and possibly other high-ranking officers were nowhere to be found. Two years after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna led a makeshift army against French forces who had invaded Veracruz, Mexico, in what has been called the "Pastry War." After the general. Any youngster would have done better. Battle of Tampico In 1943, Santa Ana realized the need for two auxiliary facilities. [18] J. R. Harris opened as Harrisburg School in 1895. How much taller is the San Jacinto Monument than the Washington Memorial. [99] Some residents who refused to comply were forcibly removed. General Santa Anna, the president of Mexico, and General Martn Perfecto de Cos both escaped during the battle. Then what started out as a trickle became a flood! what happened when santa anna approached harrisburg. [41] Houston learned of Fannin's surrender on March 20 and realized his army was the last hope for an independent Texas.
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